卓越考研

对外经济贸易大学

2008年硕士学位研究生入学考试初试试题

考试科目：851法学专业理论

（请注意：此卷适用于报考法学理论，宪法学与行政法学，民商法学，诉讼法学，经济法学和国际法学专业的考生）

一 中文试题部分（共100分）

 （一）简答题（共6道小题，每小题5分，共30分）

1.简述2004年我国《宪法》修改的主要内容

2.试析“无同意即无纳税”的宪法意义

3.比较诉权和诉讼权利

4.中国人民银行为执行货币政策，可以运用哪些货币政策工具？

5.什么是租税法定原则？请根据租税法定原则说明租税的法律性质

6.行政垄断和自然垄断的异同

 （二）法条评析题（共3小题，每小题5分，共15分）

1.试析我国《宪法》第六十二条规定：“全国人民代表大会行使下列职权：。。。。。（十五）应当由最高国家权力机关行使的其他职权。”

2.《最高人民法院关于民事诉讼证据若干规定》第61条第1款规定：“当事人可以向人民法院申请一至二名具有专门知识的人员出庭就案件的专门性问题进行说明。法院准许其申请，有关费用由提出申请的当事人负担”

该规定中的具有专门知识的人员的诉讼地位与鉴定人有何不同？

3.请评析我国《反垄断法》第55条：“经营者依照有关知识产权的法律，行政法规规定行使知识产权的行为，不适用本法；但是，经营者滥用知识产权，排除，限制竞争的行为，适用本法。”

 （三）案例分析题（10分）

甲在某市闹区开了一家名叫“长安食府”的饭店，办理了营业执照，后因身体原因，甲将饭店交给其弟弟乙与丙经营。一日建筑公司司机丁驾驶本单位一辆装有建筑材料的货车路过饭店，因建筑材料堆放太高，将“长安食府”的牌子碰掉了，正好将放在饭店门口的戊的摩托车砸坏，并将放在车里的掌上电脑砸坏。就赔偿一事戊与乙和丙交涉，两人推说甲是业主，与己无关；而甲则推说是建筑公司的司机丁驾驶车辆所致。于是，戊以甲为被告向法院起诉，要求赔偿损失。

问题：

1.谁是本案中无独立请求权第三人，为什么？（5分）

2.法院如何使相关当事人进入诉讼？（5分）

四 论述题（共三道小题，每小题15分，共45分）

1.试述我国的宪法解释体制

2.试通过民事诉讼审判程序与调解程序的设置说明民事诉讼制度的目的

3.请论述反垄断法上需要申报的经营者集中及审查经营者集中的标准

五 英文部分（共4道小题，其中（一）（二）道小题各10分，（三）（四）道小题各15分，共50分）

（一）In the latter part of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth the Supreme court considerably restricted the enactment of social dealing with such matters as workman’s compensation, minimum wages and hours of work, on such grounds as that they infringed the individual’s right to enter into whatever contracts he pleased and infringed the clause in the constitution that no state shall pass any law impairing the obligation of contract’s, Judges will necessarily interpret the constitution according to their own ideas, and such ideas may not always accord with those of the bulk of the population, but the legislatures which passed the statutes in question were democratically elected, whereas the judges were appointed.

问题：结合宪法历史背景评析上面这段话。（10分）

（二）If jurisprudence has a heartland all its own, it is legal theory. March discussion about the moral claims of the law, and the moral claims on the law, takes the concept of law itself for granted. Yet, answers to such questions may turn on what picture of law we have. Legal theory asks: What is nature of law (everywhere, or just in the modern state)? Some would claim that this question deserves an answer in and for itself. For others, the question is important but subsidiary - when we have defined law, we can describe its functions and its values; or, we should choose between competing definitions of law by reference to the functions we believed it has or values we wish it to serve.

问题：（10分）

1.第一句话中的jurisprudence和legal theory各指什么？（4分）

2.翻译文中的：Legal theory asks: What is nature of law (everywhere, or just in the modern state)? Some would claim that this question deserves an answer in and for itself.（3分）

3.文中的：important but subsidiary和the functions we believed it has or values we wish it to serve分别是什么含义？（3分）

（三）In federal court, civil cease have traditionally been resolved by a judge’s legal ruling, a jury verdict, or a judge’s verdict in cease not tried before a jury; or the partied’ agreement to settle their case after negotiation, often after a settlement conference presided over by judicial officer.

  An alternative to these methods is alternative dispute resolution(ADR); as time goes on, ADR procedures are being used more often in the federal courts.

  Most forms of ADR take place out of the courtroom, are not binding on parties, and involve referral of case to a neutral party.

  By promoting settlement, ADR may reduce litigation cost and delays. Fed. R. Civ. P.16(b) provides that at any pretrial conference, the court may consider both settlement and “the use of special procedures to assist in resolving the dispute when authorized by statute or local rule.” Variation among forms of court-based ADR allows the court the discretion to choose the form most appropriate for the case at hand.

  In some cases the court may decide to incorporate ADR into a schedule of phased discovery.

  ● ADR might be scheduled after a preliminary phase of discovery giving the parties a fairly clear sense of the evidence bearing on the factual issues.

  ●  After ADR, the court may schedule a second pretrial conference.

  ●  If the parties do not settle, latter phases of discovery take place after ADR.

问题（15分）：

1.Translate the first paragraph into Chinese(5分）

2.Answer following question with Chinese:

A. How can the court use ADR to resolve the dispute?（5分）

B. In which stage the court can use ADR during the litigation?(5分）

（四）阅读以下文字，用中文或英文回答问题。（15分）

The model of perfect competition has been used to perpetuate laissez-faire policies in the face of reform demands. Because everything worked out “for the best” in the model, it was asserted that government intervention, regardless of good intentions, would upset the economy’s autonomous tendency toward a beneficial equilibrium. To accept abuse, injustice, and avoidable human misery for that reason was not only callous, it was also illogical on two grounds;(1) In practice, the economy fails to satisfy a number of critical assumptions of the perfect competition model. As a result, actual markets do not always cater efficiently to consumer tastes. (2) Even if the price system were efficient, the result would not reflect all important social and economic values. Laissez-faire in these circumstances represents neither a devotion to perfect competition nor an exercise of social wisdom, although it will sometimes be preferable to illococeived or poorly executed government correctives.

Antitrust law implicitly but clearly takes a particular stance toward the economic problem to which it applies. On one hand, its very enactment indicates that legislators rejected the belief that market forces are sufficiently strong, self-correcting, and well-directed to guarantee the results that perfect competition would bring. On the other hand, antitrust’s domain is intrinsically limited. Antitrust is not the nationalization of industry, which would reflect a decision that only direct government operation can provide the desired result. Antitrust also is not direct, extensive regulation of industry, an alternative that has been enacted for some public utilities. Rather, antitrust supplements, or perhaps, defines the rules of the game by which competition takes place. In thus assumes that market force - guided by the limitations imposed by antitrust law - will produce good results or at least better results than any of the alternative that largely abandon reliance on market forces. Therefore, the perfect competition model can be viewed as a central target, the result of which antitrust seeks, but the conditions for which antitrust does not take for granted. Antitrust thus looks to perfect competition for guidance, but the analysis inevitably emphasizes the myriad and complex imperfections of actual markets.

Question 1: How does the writer perceive government’s role in a market economy? What reasons does he/she raise to support his/her arguments?(5分）

Question 2: What is the lawmakers’ view upon competition in certain public utilities?(5分）

Question 3：How does antitrust law solves the problem of imperfect market?(5分）

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